ein, wear precious stones from that land.[46]

To some poets India and Persia are a sort of Ultima Thule to denote the
furthest limits of the earth, as for instance, when in the "Rolandslied"
Ganelun complains that for the ambition of Roland even Persia is not too
far,[47] or, when in the "Willehalm" King Tybalt, whose daughter has
been carried off, lets his complaint ring out as far as India.[48]

Examples might be multiplied. But they would all prove the same thing.
India and Persia were magic names to conjure with; their languages and
literatures were a book with seven seals to mediaeval Europe.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Indica, ch. 10.

[2] Var. Hist. xii. 48.

[3] De Homero, Oratio liii., ed. Dindorf, Lips. 1857, vol. ii. p. 165.

[4] Apollonii Vita, iii. 19 et passim.

[5] See Jackson, Zoroaster, p. 8.

[6] See Benfey, Pantschatantra, Vorrede, p. xxiv and note.

[7] See Gaston Paris, La Litterature Francaise au Moyen Age, Paris,
1888, p. 49 seq. A striking illustration of oral transmission is the
origin of the tradition about Prester John, for which see Cathay and the
Way thither, ed. Henry Yule, Lond. 1866, Hakluyt Soc. No. 36, 37, vol.
i. p. 174 and n. 1.

[8] Yule, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 165-167 and p. 197 seq.

[9] Ib. pp. 1-161; Latin text in appendix i of vol. ii.

[10] Mirabilia Descripta, ed. Henry Yule, London, 1863. Hakluyt Society,
No. 31.

[11] Yule, Cathay, vol. ii. pp. 311-381.

[12] For their accounts see the publications of the Hakluyt Society,
1859 and 1873. Nos. 26 and 49.

[13] See Paul Horn, Gesch. Irans in Islamitischer Zeit, in Grdr. iran.
Phil. II. p. 578 and note 4; also p. 579. See also Bibl. Asiat. et
Afric. par H. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1841, under the years 1508, 1512,
1514, 1515, 1516, 1535, 1543, 1579, 1583, etc.

[14] English tr. in R.H. Major, India in the Fifteenth Century, London,
1857. Hakluyt Society, No. 22.

[15] Hans Schiltbergers Reisebuch ed. Val. Langmantel (BLVS. vol. 172)
Tuebingen, 1885, p. 79: "In der grossen India pin ich nicht gewesen...."

[16] Ibid. p. 164.

[17] Friedr. Kunstmann, Die Kenntnis Indiens im 15^ten Jahrhunderte,
Muenchen, 1863, p. 59; Major, op. cit. p. 31.

[18] See Albert Bovenschen, Quellen fuer die Reisebeschreibung des Joh.
v. Mandeville, Berl. 1888.

[19] See Graesse, J.G.Th., Lehrbuch einer allgem. Literaergesch., 9 vols.,
Dresd. u. Leipz. 1837-59, Vol. II. pt. 2, pp. 783-785.

[20] Latin text publ. by Oswald Zingerle as an