nies have been avoided
except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative
importance to be noted in a work of this scope.

All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those
founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," _i.e.,_ they no longer
receive special aid from, the government and their special colonial
directorates have been abolished.

The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization
is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
(Federal District), Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
Sul.[7] This is the geographical order from north to south and the one
according to which they will be taken up.

BAHIA.

In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It
is =Leopoldina=, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and
Freireiss in 1818.[8]

=Frankenthal=, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter
Weyll and Saueracker.[9]

Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as
German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended
scale.

MINAS GERAES.

The private colony =Theophilo Ottoni=,[10] in the north-eastern part of
the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.

Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the
population are =Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajuba, Joao Pinheiro,
Constanca, Vargem Grande,= and =Rodrigo Sylva=.[11]

Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the
state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.

ESPIRITO SANTO.

The state colony =Santa Izabel= was founded in 1847. The first settlers
were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.

=Santa Leopoldina=, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A
suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the
names of the different districts into which the colony was first
divided; _viz._; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and
Holland.

The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German
colonies in Brazil to-day.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).

=Nova Friburgo=, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819.
The first settlers were Swiss, but since Germans immediately followed
them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo
is properly cla