t of the Christian name of the first
immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.

Glaser became _Frittenmaku_. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One
of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent
in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."

Gottfried became _Gottesfried, Gottesfrid_ or _Gottesfritz_.

Helfenstein became _Helfestein_.

Hessel became _Essel_.

Klein became _Cleene_. In this instance a German dialect variant of the
original became the new family name.

Reinberg became _Remberg_.

Rochenbach became _Rocumbak_ or _Rocumbaque_.

Roschel became _Rocha_.

Toll became _Doll_ or _Doro_.

Weisshaupt became _Sapateiro_. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was
a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family
name.

Zuellich became _Sills_.

2)

Waechter became _Walter_.

Werner became _Vierne_.

From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names
show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese
pronunciation.

BAPTISMAL NAMES.

So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different
from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a
great extent only where the German language gave way to the Portuguese
almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their
Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51] Probably
the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case
perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name
in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian,
not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of
all as Brazilians.[52] While, according to their idea the retention and
cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable
Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum"
and (to use their own expression) "Deutschlaenderthum."

The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are
commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.

_Portuguese form._ _German form._

Adolfo for Adolf.
Alberto " Albert.
Augusto " August.
Bernardo " Bernard.
Carlos " Karl.
Edmundo " Edmund.
Eduardo " Eduard.
Emilio " Emil.