he almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.

In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
those colonists.

NEWSPAPERS.

The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_
appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche
Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_,
a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter
Mueller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
years.

From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to
this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
founded.

_Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
_Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
_Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
_Germania_, Sao Paulo. Daily. 1877.
_Deutsche Post_, Sao Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
_Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
_Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
_Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
_Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
_Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
_Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.