in this case are the following:

1) The noun ending '_-ao'_ has the value of _'-ong'_ instead of the
Portuguese sound represented by _'-ao.'_ Thus, by phonetic spelling we
would have, e.g.,

_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._

algodong for algodao.
capong " capao,
garrafong " garrafao,
patakong " patacao.
questong " questao,
sertong " sertao,
violong " violao.

2) The _'j'_ instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese,
becomes surd.[46] Thus

_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._

feschong for feijao,
schakare " jacare.
Schwong " Joao.

3) In the case of infinitives the final _'-n'_ is not sounded,
particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrueck dialect. These forms
are therefore pronounced, e.g.,

_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._

amoliere for amolieren.
kapine " kapinen.
pusche " puschen.
tocke " tocken.

SURNAMES.

As a general rule German family names are retained in their original
form in all sections where the German language held its own among the
colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty
in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother
tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily
pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47] they underwent changes to greater or
less extent even in communities where the German element is most
strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German
family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a
form as to be hardly recognizable.

By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below;
first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely
given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest
German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]

1)

Emmich became _M'_. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and
consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is
probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]

Felippoffsky became _Felippe, Franz,_ or _Franco_. In this instance one
branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name
and other branches made surnames ou