e Berminter. Several old German cities had a Permentergasse,
i.e. parchment-makers' street. A Pilcher made pilches, i.e. fur
cloaks, an early loan-word from Vulgar Lat. pellicia (pellis, skin).
Chaucer's version of

"Till May is out, ne'er cast a clout"

is

"After greet heet cometh colde;
No man caste his pilche away."

Another name connected with clothes is Chaucer, Old Fr. chaussier, a
hosier (Lat. calceus, boot), while Admiral Hozier's Ghost reminds us
of the native word. The oldest meaning of hose seems to have been
gaiters. It ascended in Tudor times to the dignity of breeches (cf.
trunk-hose), the meaning it has in modern German. Now it has become a
tradesman's euphemism for the improper word stocking, a fact which led
a friend of the writer's, imperfectly acquainted with German, to ask a
gifted lady of that nationality if she were a Blauhose. A Chaloner or
Chawner dealt in shalloon, Mid. Eng. chalons, a material supposed to
have been made at Chalons-sur-Marne--

"And in his owene chambre hem made a bed,
With sheetes and with chalons faire y-spred."

(A. 4139.)

Ganter or Gaunter is Fr. gantier, glove-maker.

METAL WORKERS

Some metal-workers have already been mentioned in connection with
Smith (Chapter IV), and elsewhere. The French Fevre, from Lat. faber,
is found as Feaver. Fearon comes from Old Fr, feron, ferron, smith.
Face le ferrun, i.e. Boniface (Chapter III) the smith, lived in
Northampton in the twelfth century. This is an example of the French
use of -on as an agential suffix. Another example is Old Fr. charton,
or charreton, a waggoner, from the Norman form of which we have
Carton. In Scriven, from Old Fr. escrivain (ecrivain), we have an
isolated agential suffix. The English form is usually lengthened to
Scrivener. In Ferrier, for farrier, the traditional spelling has
prevailed over the pronunciation, but we have the latter in Farrar.
Ferrier sometimes means ferryman, and Farrar has absorbed the common
Mid. English nickname Fayrhayr. Aguilar means needle-maker, Fr.
aiguille, but Pinner is more often official (Chapter XIX). Culler,
Fr. coutelier, Old Fr. coutel, knife, and Spooner go together, but the
fork is a modern fad. Poynter is another good example of the
specialization of medieval crafts: the points were the metal tags by
which the doublet and hose were connected. Hence, the play on words
when Falstaff is recounting his adventure with the men in buckram--