is sometimes also for Hayward or Haward
(Hereward), or for Hayward. It has no doubt interchanged with the
local Howarth, Haworth.

Owing to the loss of w- in the second part of a word (Chapter III),
-ward and -herd often fall together, e.g. Millard for Milward, and
Woodard found in Mid. English as both wode-ward and wode-hird.
Hayward belongs to hay, hedge, enclosure (Chapter XIII), from which we
also get Hayman. The same functionary has given the name Haybittle, a
compound of beadle. Burward and Burrard may represent the once
familiar office of bear-ward; cf. Berman. I had a schoolfellow called
Lateward, apparently the man in charge of the lade or leet (Chapter
XIII). Medward is for mead-ward.

The name Stewart or Stuart became royal with Walter the Steward of
Scotland, who married Marjorie Bruce in 1315. It stands for sty-ward,
where sty means pen, not necessarily limited to pigs. Like most
official titles, it has had its ups and downs, with the result that
its present meaning ranges from a high officer of the crown to the
sympathetic concomitant of a rough crossing.

The Reeve, Anglo-Sax. ge-refa, was in Chaucer a kind of land agent,
but the name was also applied to local officials, as in port-reeve,
shire-reeve. It is the same as Grieve, also originally official, but
used in Scotland of a land steward--

"He has got a ploughman from Scotland who acts as grieve."

(Scott, Diary, 1814.)

This may be one source of the names Graves and Greaves. The name
Woodruff, Woodroffe is too common to be referred to the plant
woodruff, and the fact that the male and female of a species of
sand-piper are called the ruff and reeve suggests that Woodruff may
have some relation to wood-reeve. It is at any rate a curious
coincidence that the German name for the plant is Waldmeister,
wood-master. Another official surname especially connected with
country life is Pinder, also found as Pinner, Pender, Penner, Ponder
and Poynder, the man in charge of the pound or pinfold; cf. Parker,
the custodian of a park, of which the Palliser or Pallister made the
palings.

ITINERANT MERCHANTS

The itinerant dealer was usually called by a name suggesting the pack
which he carried. Thus Badger, Kidder, Kiddier, Pedder, now pedlar,
are from bag, kid, related to kit, and the obsolete ped, basket; cf.
Leaper, Chapter XV. The badger, who dealt especially in corn, was
unpopular with the rural population, and it is possible that hi