llock and a nag. Chaucer tells us that--

"This reve sat upon a ful good stot" (A, 615 ).

Stoddart is naturally confused with Studdart, stud-herd, stud being
cognate with Ger. Stute, mare. We also have Swinnert, and lastly
Weatherhead, sometimes a perversion of wether-herd, though usually a
nickname, sheep's head. The man in charge of the tups, or rams, was
called Tupman or Tupper, the latter standing sometimes for tup-herd,
just as we have the imitative Stutter for Stodart or Studdart. We
have also Tripper from trip, a dialect word for flock, probably
related to troop. Another general term for a herdsman was Looker,
whence Luker.

BUMBLEDOM

I have headed this chapter "Hodge and his Friends," but as, a matter
of strict truth he had none, except the "poure Persons," the most
radiant figure in Chaucer's pageant. But his enemies were
innumerable. Beranger's lines impress one less than the uncouth "Song
of the Husbandman" (temp. Edward I.), in which we find the woes of
poor Hodge incorporated in the persons of the hayward, the bailif, the
wodeward, the budel and his cachereles (catchpoles)--

"For ever the furthe peni mot (must) to the kynge."

The bailiff has already been mentioned (Chapter IV). The budel, or
beadle, has given us several surnames. We have the word in two forms,
from Anglo-Sax. bytel, belonging to the verb to bid, whence the names
Biddle and Buddle, and from Old Fr. bedel (bedeau), whence Beadle and
its variants. The animal is probably extinct under his original name,
but modern democracy is doing its best to provide him with an army of
successors. The "beadle" group of names has been confused with
Bithell, Welsh Ap Ithel.

Names in -ward are rather numerous, and, as they mostly come from the
titles of rural officials and are often confused with compounds of
-herd, they are all put together here. The simple Ward, cognate with
Fr. garde, is one of our commonest surnames. Like its derivative
Warden it had a very wide range of meanings. The antiquity of the
office of church-warden is shown by the existence of the surname
Churchward. Sometimes the surname comes from the abstract or local
sense, de la warde. As the suffix -weard occurs very frequently in
Anglo-Saxon personal names, it is not always possible to say whether a
surname is essentially occupative or not, e.g. whether Durward is
rather "door-ward" or for Anglo-Sax. Deorweard. Howard, which is
phonetically Old Fr. Huard,