ip, notwithstanding the many inducements repeatedly offered by the
czar during a period of eighteen years. Perhaps it was because of the
disturbances which rendered transportation dangerous; possibly because
he preferred to serve the khan rather than the czar, for we find him, in
1500, a resident of Circassia. See JE, vi. 107-108; vi. 12.]

[Footnote 13: E.g. Barakha, the hero (1601), Ilyash Karaimovich, the
starosta (1637), and Motve Borokhovich, the colonel (1647). See JE, ii.
128; iv. 283; ix. 40.]

[Footnote 14: See Czacki, Rosprava o Zhydakh, Vilna, 1807, p. 93;
Buchholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga, Riga, 1899, p. 3; Mann, Sheerit
Yisrael, Vilna, 1818, ch. 30; Virga, Shebet Yehudah, Hanover, 1856, pp.
147 f., and Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, ix. 480.]

[Footnote 15: The Subbotniki, Dukhobortzi, and the other dissenting, but
non-Jewish, sects are not referred to here, though they may have
received their inspiration from Jews or through Judaism.]

[Footnote 16: Voskhod, 1881, i. 73-75; JE, vii. 487-488; ix. 570;
Bramson, K Istorii Pervonachalnaho Obrazovaniya Russkikh Yevreyev, St.
Petersburg, 1896, pp. 4-6.]

[Footnote 17: Sternberg, Die Proselyten im xvi. und xvii. Jahrhundert,
AZJ, 1863, pp. 67-68 (ibid, in L'univers Israelite, 1863, pp. 272 f.);
Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, Warsaw, 1875, pp. 231 f.; Yevreyskaya
Enziklopedya, s.v. Zhidostvuyushchikh; Bedrzhidsky in Zhurnal
Ministerstva Narodnaho Prosvyeshchanya, St. Petersburg, 1912, pp.
106-122; Jewish Ledger, Jan., 1902, p. 3; Emden, Megillat Sefer, ed.
Cohan, p. 207, Warsaw, 1896. On Count Pototzki, see Ger Zedek, in
Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, St. Petersburg, 1892; Gershuni, Sketches of
Jewish Life and History, New York, 1873, pp. 158-224 (also
Introduction), and S.L. Gordon's ballad in Ha-Shiloah (Ger Zedek), i.
431. On Pototzki and Zaremba, see Gere Zedek (Anon.), Johannisberg,
1862. On modern Russian Gerim, see Die Welt, July 5, 1907, pp. 16-17
(Palestine), B'nai B'rith News, May 13, 1913 (United States), and
Leroy-Beaulieu, Israel among the Nations, Engl. transl., New York, 1900,
p. 110, n. 1; Yiddishes Tageblatt, July 16 and 23, 1913, Gerim in
Russland, and Vieder vegen Gerim; JE, i. 336; vii. 369-370, 489.]

[Footnote 18: HUH, pp. 3, 21 f.; Minor, op. cit., p. 4; Yevreyskiya
Nadpisi, St. Petersburg, 1884, p. 217; Sefer ha-Yashar, no. 522; Eben
ha-'Ezer, no. 118. On [Hebrew: Bn'n Hrogi] see Monatsschrift, xxii.
514.]

[Footnote 19: Catalogue d