Erter, Letteris, Krochmal, Goldenberg,
Mieses, Rapoport, Perl, and Schorr exerted a great influence in Russia,
their own country remained unaffected. Many of them, like A. Peretz,
Eichenbaum, Feder, Pinsker, Werbel, and Rosenfeld emigrated to Russia,
where they found a wider field for their activities, while others, like
Professor Ludwig Gumplowicz, the sociologist, Marmorek, the physician,
and Scheps, the litterateur, became alienated from their former
coreligionists.]

[Footnote 26: Keneset Yisrael, iii. 84; Gottlober, Za'ar Ba'ale Hayyim,
Zhitomir, 1868: [Hebrew: T'rng Nfshi 'lid Ki] (comp. Ps. xlii, and Shir
ha-Kabod, last verse).]

[Footnote 27: Occident, v. 243. Cf. Buchholtz, op. cit., pp. 82-116.]

[Footnote 28: Occident, v. 255; Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, ii. 207-210.]

[Footnote 29: 1840, no. 9.]

[Footnote 30: Emden, Megillat Sefer, p. 5; Guenzburg, Debir, ii. 105-106;
Mandelstamm, op. cit, i. 3-4, 11; Annalen, 1841, no. 31.]

[Footnote 31: FKN, pp. 246-247; Guenzburg, op. cit., i. 48. Moses Reines
also points out the fact that the prominent rabbis did not withhold
their approval of the most typical Haskalah works when their authors
were not suspected of heresy, as shown by Abele's haskamah on
Levinsohn's Te'udah be-Yisrael, Tiktin's on Guenzburg's Toledot ha-Arez,
and Malbim's on Zweifel's Sanegor (Ozar ha-Sifrut, 1888, p. 61).]

[Footnote 32: Ha-Boker Or, 1879, no. 4; FKI, pp. 537-538, 1132;
Ha-Lebanon, 1872, no. 35; Ha-Zefirah, 1879, no. 9; Jewish Chronicle, May
4, 1877; Keneset Yisrael, 1887, pp. 157-162; Ha-Meliz, ix. (1889), nos.
198-199, 201, 232; Jost, op. cit., p. 305. Da'at Kedoshim, St.
Petersburg, 1897, pp. 19, 22, 27.]

[Footnote 33: These biographical sketches, first published respectively
in the New Era Illustrated Magazine (1905, pp. 387-396) and the American
Israelite (April 25, 1907), are drawn from the following sources;
Houzner, I.B. Levinsohn (Russian), Odessa, 1862; Nathanson, Sefer
ha-Zikronot (Heb.), Warsaw, 1878; Yiddishe Bibliotek (Yid.), Kiev, 1888;
also Annalen, 1839, no. 17; Ha-Maggid, 1863, p. 381; Ha-Zefirah, 1900,
p. 197; Maggid, op. cit., pp. 86-115; Guenzburg, Debir, i. and ii.,
Warsaw, 1883; Kiryat Sefer, Vilna, 1835 (esp. Letters 85-93, 101-102);
Abi'ezer, Vilna, 1863; Lebensohn, Kiryat Soferim, Vilna, 1847; Pardes,
i. 192; Recke und Napyersky, Allgemeines Schriftsteller und Gelehrten
Lexicon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, Mitau, 1829, pp.
147-148; and