m, 1887, pp. 67-77; Bikkurim,
1865, pp. 6-45; Ozar ha-Sifrut, iii.; Ha-Asif, iii.; Ha-Meliz, 1900,
nos. 16-18; Schechter, op. cit., i. 93-98; Horowitz, Derek 'Ez
ha-Hayyim, Cracow, 1895. The yeshibah was reopened under the deanship of
Rabbi Raphael Shapira of Bobruisk, and still exists, though in a rather
precarious condition.]

[Footnote 42: Read the vivid description in WMG, p. 147.]

[Footnote 43: Occident, ii. 563-564.]

[Footnote 44: Uvarov's opinion of the Talmud was "razvrashchal i
raz-vrashchayet" ("it has been degrading and is degrading"). Nicholas
granted special privileges to the Karaites, and claimed they were the
genuine Israelites, chiefly because they did not follow the precepts of
the Talmud.]

[Footnote 45: Occident, ii. 562-563.]

[Footnote 46: See Loewe, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore,
London, 1890, i. 100, 231, 311-312, passim; Guenzburg, Debir, ii. 99-108;
(Dick), Ha-Oreah, Koenigsberg, 1860.]

[Footnote 47: Guenzburg, op. cit., pp. 115-117, 122-125; Leket Amarim
(suppl. to Ha-Meliz), St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 81-86; AZJ, ix. nos.
46-50; x. nos. 5, 49, etc.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 12, Lubliner, De la
condition politique .... dans le royaume de Pologne, Brussels, 1860
(especially pp. 44-45).]

[Footnote 48: GMC, no. 255.]

CHAPTER IV

CONFLICTS AND CONQUESTS

1840-1855

(pp. 162-221)

[Footnote 1: Diakov states that "when the population degenerated in West
Russia, business and industry declined, and the number of the rich
greatly diminished, while the nobles, embittered against the Government,
did absolutely nothing for their country, the Jews formed an
exception.... There is no doubt that they are doing their utmost for the
regeneration of our land, despite the restrictions heaped upon them
without any cause" (Elk, op. cit., p. 41 seq.). Surovyetsky likewise
maintains that "after the devastation of Poland because of the numerous
wars, the ruining of so many cities, and the almost total extermination
of their inhabitants ... the Jews alone effected the regeneration of our
trade. They alone upheld our tottering industries .... We may safely
affirm that without them, without their characteristic mobility, we
should never have recovered our commerce and wealth" (Jastrow, op. cit.,
p. 12).]

[Footnote 2: See AZJ, April 29, 1844, and Orient, 1844, P-224, in which
the correspondent adds: "It is a touching sight to see these laborers
(as longshoremen), for the most part aged,