itische Annalen, 1840, p. 263.]

[Footnote 28: Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 10.]

[Footnote 29: Minor, op. cit, p. 46; Lerner, Yevreyi v Novorossiskom
Kraye, Odessa, 1901, p. 234; Monatsschrift, xviii. 234 f., 477 f., 551
f.]

[Footnote 30: Voskhod, 1881, i-iii; Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 11-14.]

[Footnote 31: Op. cit, pp. 208-209.]

[Footnote 32: Cf. Graetz, xi. 50; Kayserling, op. cit, p. 288; Fuenn,
Sofre Yisrael, Vilna, 1891, pp. 138-143; WMG, p. 135.]

[Footnote 33: Graetz, xi. 590, 604, 606; Annalen, xx. 467; Kayserling,
op. cit., p. 307; Landshut, Toledot Anshe Shem, p. 85.]

[Footnote 34: [Hebrew: Yd Tshlhu 'l Rm''d Bsfri]. Weiss, Zikronotai, p.
58, n.; Ha-Zeman (monthly), i. and iii. 18-19.]

[Footnote 35: Zweifel, op. cit., pp. 35-40, and Ha-Hasidut we-ha-Musar
in Ha-Meliz, 1897; Toledot Mishpehot Shneersohn, in Ha-Asif, v. 35-40,
and Nefesh Hayyim, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 36: Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, iii. 98; American
Israelite, nos. 15, 18, etc. (My Travels in Russia); Gordon, Ha-Azamot
ha-Yebashot, Odessa, 1899; AZJ, 1854, p. 22; Zunser, Biography, New
York, 1905, pp. 15-19 (Engl. transl., pp. 14-18); Shenot Ra'inu Ra'ah,
in Ha-Meliz, 1860; Sefer ha-Shanah, iii. 82-101, and GMC, nos. 43-50.
One of these songs runs as follows:

On the streets in tears we're wading,
In our bairns' blood we might be bathing;
What a misfortune, ah, wellaway--
Will never dawn the better day?

Little infants from heder are torn,
And forced to wear the soldier's uniform;
What a misfortune, etc.

Our leaders, rabbis, and honored elders,
E'en help to impress them for the czar's soldiers;
What a misfortune, etc.

Seven sons has Zushe Rakover,
Yet not a one for the army is over;
What a misfortune, etc.

Leah, the widow, has an only son,
And for the kahal's sins he's gone;
What a misfortune, etc.]

[Footnote 37: GMC, no. 42. On similar enthusiasm among the Galician
Maskilim, see Erter, Kol Kore, in Ha-Zofeh le-Bet Yisrael, Warsaw, 1890,
pp. 131-133.]

[Footnote 38: Elk, Die juedischen Kolonien in Russland,
Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1886, pp. 28-53, 60-80, 119-140, 153-160,
205-208; Jastrow, Beleuchtungen, etc., Hamburg, 1859, pp. 109-113.]

[Footnote 39: See Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, 1875, pp, 279-290;
Jost, Freimuethige Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1830; and Culturgeschichte, pp.
302-303.]

[Footnote 40: Rabinovitz, op. cit., pp. 11-18.]

[Footnote 41: On Volozhin, see Ha-Kere