the Veterinary Institute, of the same city, the only one of the sort
in Russia, excluded Jews altogether.

"My zemlyakes" (countrymen), says a reminiscent writer, "soon after they
had finished their course in engineering, had taken each a different
road. One became a crown-rabbi, one a flour merchant, a third a
bookkeeper, but none of them could, on account of his religion, legally
pursue his chosen vocation" (Yiddishes Tageblatt, New York, May 13,
1908).]

[Footnote 2: Urussov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor (Engl. transl., New
York, 1908), pp. 70, 90-91. "Out of 266 students admitted to the Kharkov
University in 1901, only 8 were Jews, though at least 12 had 'finished
the gymnasium,' not only with the 'highest possible' marks, but with
gold medals. At the Technological Institute of the same city, 7 were
Jews in a total of 240, though 12 applying for admission had received
the 'highest possible' marks. At the Kiev University, of 580 new
students, 32, all of them medallists, were Jews. How many applied for
admission, the daily and weekly press, from which these figures are
taken, did not report."]

[Footnote 3: Ner ha-Ma'arabi, vii, 27.]

[Footnote 4: "He who claims that a spirit of reaction has affected our
people as a whole," says Moses Reines (Ozar ha-Sifrut, ii. 45), "is
greatly mistaken. That the children of the poor from whom learning
cometh forth still forsake their city and country and acquire knowledge,
... that societies for the spread of Haskalah are formed every day, ...
that strict and pious Jews send their sons and daughters to where they
can obtain enlightenment, that rabbis, dayyanim, and maggidim urge their
children to become proficient in the requirements of the times ... write
for the press ... and deplore the gezerot (restrictions) regarding
admission to schools--all this proves convincingly that they do not see
right who complain that our entire nation is going backward."]

[Footnote 5: See Ha-Maggid, 1899, no. 160. While in 1848 there were 2446
and in 1854, 4439 converts, in 1860-1880 there were from 350 to 450 per
annum, in 1881, 572, in 1882, 610, and in 1883, 461 converts. With the
spread of Zionism conversions continued to diminish, and, while there
were relapses during the renewed pogroms of 1891 and 1901, they
decreased materially, though the Jewish population is constantly on the
increase.]

[Footnote 6: Autobiography, pp. 42-51. See also Kahan, Meahore
ha-Pargud, pp. 15-17.]

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