r the Czar and Queen Victoria, London, pp. 4-5;
cf. AZJ, 1846, p. 86.]

[Footnote 18: Elk, op. cit, ch. iii.]

[Footnote 19: Occident, v. 493; Nathanson, Sefat Emet, p. 92;
Mandelstamm, op. cit., pp. 31-32, and Morgulis, op. cit, pp. 102-147.

On tax collectors, cf. the English ballad quoted by Macaulay (History of
England, ch. iii.):

Like plundering soldiers they'd enter the door,
And made a distress on the goods of the poor,
While frightened poor children distractedly cried;
This nothing abated their insolent pride.

And the Yiddish folk song (GMC, no. 55):

The excise young fellows,
They are tremendously wild:
They shave their beards,
And ride on horses,
Wear overshoes,
And eat with unwashed hands.

Their lack of confidence in the permanence of the schools is expressed
in the following song (GMC, no. 53):

May we soon be released from the Jewish Goless,
When we shall be expelled from the Gentile Scholess (schools).

On the struggle to retain the so-called Jewish mode of dress, see I.M.
D(ick), Die Yiddishe Kleider Umwechslung, Vilna, 1844.]

[Footnote 20: Op. cit., pp. 12-13; cf. Letteris, in Moreh Nebuke
ha-Zeman, Introduction, pp. xv-xvi; Bramson, op. cit., pp. 34-35, 43-44,
and Levanda, Ocherki Proshlaho, St. Petersburg, 1876.]

[Footnote 21: Cf. Buckle, History of Civilization, New York, 1880, ii.
529-538.]

[Footnote 22: "Fifty years ago," says Mr. Rubinow (Bulletin of the
Bureau of Labor, no. 72, Washington, Sept., 1907, p. 578), "the
educational standard of the [Russian] Jews was higher than that of the
Russian people at large is at present."]

[Footnote 23: Mandelkern, op. cit., iii. 33.]

[Footnote 24: Buckle, op. cit., pp. 140-142, notes 33-37.]

[Footnote 25: The same phenomenon was witnessed to a certain extent also
in Galicia, where for a while Haskalah flourished in great splendor.
There, too, the charm and fecundity of German literature, the similarity
of Yiddish to German, and the privileges the Austrian Government
accorded them, proved too strong a temptation for the Jews, and many of
those who became enlightened were rapidly assimilated with their Gentile
countrymen. While, therefore, in Galicia the Haskalah movement lasted
longer than in Germany, it had ceased long before it reached its fullest
development in Russia. Austrian civilization accelerated the
assimilation of the educated, Polish prejudice retarded the progress of
the masses. So that though