-- 19 dad [A]

20 fa [A] -- 20 ain [A]

21 kaf [A] -- 21 g'rain [A]

22 kef [A] -- 22 fa [A]

23 lem [A] -- 23 kaf [A]

24 mim [A] -- 24 sin [A]

25 nun [A] -- 25 shin [A]

26 waw [A] -- 26 hha [A]

27 he [A] -- 27 wow [A]

28 ya [A] -- 28 ia [A]

29 lam-alif: ligature lam + alif = [A]

Besides this difference of the arrangement of the two alphabets,
the Arabic student will observe that there is also a difference in
the punctuation of two of the letters: thus--

Oriental. Occidental.

fa [A] fa [A]

kaf [A] kaf [A]

[Footnote A: Arabic characters; cannot be displayed in this
file format.]

360
Among the Western Arabs, the ancient Arabic figures are used, viz.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9: they often write 100 thus, 1..--200,
2..

To explain the force of the synonymous letters on paper would be
impossible; the reader, however, may form some idea of the
indispensable necessity of knowing the distinction by the few words
here selected, which to one unaccustomed to hear the Arabic
language spoken, would appear similar and undistinguishable.

ENGLISH. ARABIC, ARABIC.

Rendered as near to European pronunciation
as the English Alphabet
will admit.

A horse Aoud [Arabic:]

Wood Awad [Arabic:]

To repeat Aoud [Arabic:]

Fish Hout [Arabic:]

A gun Mokhalla [Arabic:]

A foolish woman Mokeela [Arabic:]

A frying pan Makeela [Arabic:]

A lion Seban [Arabic:]

Morning Seban [Arabic:]

Seventh Seban [Arabic:]
361
Hatred Hassed [Arabic:]

Harvest Hassed [Arabic:]

Learning (Alem, or El Alem) [Arabic:]

A flag