ther times for an _emdursa_, or seminary, where the Muhamedan
youth are taught to read the Koran, and to write, as they call it,
(_Sultan men Elsen_) the sultan of languages, or language of
languages. The tent-pegs of the respective tents are indented
within each other, so that the cattle cannot go out or in;
moreover, a hedge of thorny bushes encircles the whole, secured by
staves drove into the ground. The camels, horses, mules, horned
cattle, sheep, and goats, are all inclosed in a division of the
circular area during the night, and a fire is kept all night, to
keep off the lions and wild beasts. The incessant barking of dogs,
which are very numerous among the Arabs, prevent the travellers
unaccustomed to these habitations from sleeping.

_Various Modes of Intoxication_.

All nations have some method of getting rid of reason, for the
purpose of indulging in the vacuum and temporary independence
produced by intoxication. We, of Europe, have recourse to wine to
effect this purpose: the opulent indulge in the libations of
330 claret, burgundy, and champagne; the middling classes have recourse
to brandy, rum, and gin; but the African effects this purpose at
far less expense. A muselman procures ample temporary relief from
worldly care for a mere trifle: he buys at the (_attara_), drug
shop, for a penny, a small pipe of _el keef or hashisha_; this
completely effects his purpose. The leaves of this drug, which is a
kind of hemp, are called _el hashisha_; the flower of the plant is
called _el keef_, and is much more powerful in its inebriating
quality than the _hashisha_, but a pipe of the latter will have as
powerful an effect as two or three bottles of wine. It is said,
that when the patient is under the influence of pleasant
imaginations, the fume of this drug increases the sensation into
the most pleasing delirium, engendering the most luxuriant images,
and promoting a voluptuous vacuum. But when the person's ill fate
tempts him to taste it in a melancholy mood, it protracts the
gloomy moments, and gives the woes of life a longer duration: he
utters sighs and lamentations, he apprehends nothing but misery and
misfortune, till the effect of the drug is exhausted, and he awakes
from his dream of woe.

_Division of Agricultural Property_.

A