BO'NESS, or BORROWSTOUNNESS, a municipal and police burgh and seaport of
Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Pop. (1891) 6295; (1901) 9306. It lies on the
southern shore of the Firth of Forth, 17 m. W. by N. of Edinburgh, and
24 m. by rail, being the terminus of the North British railway's branch
line from Manuel. In the 18th century it ranked next to Leith as a port,
but the growth of Grangemouth, higher up the firth, seriously affected
its shipping trade, which is, however, yet considerable, coal and
pig-iron forming the principal exports, and pit props from the Baltic
the leading import. It has an extensive harbour (the area of the dock
being 7-3/4 acres). The great industries are coal-mining--some of the
pits extending for a long distance beneath the firth--iron-founding
(with several blast furnaces) and engineering, but it has also important
manufactures of salt, soap, vitriol and other chemicals. Shipbuilding
and whaling are extinct. Traces of the wall of Antoninus which ran
through the parish may still be made out, especially near Inveravon.
Blackness, on the coast farther east, was the seaport of Linlithgow till
the rise of Bo'ness, but its small export trade now mainly consists of
coal, bricks, tiles and lime. Its castle, standing on a promontory, is
of unknown age. James III. of Scotland is stated to have consigned
certain of the insurgent nobles to its cells; and later it was used as a
prison in which many of the Covenanters were immured. It was one of the
four castles that had to be maintained by the Articles of Union, but
when its uselessness for defensive purposes became apparent, it was
converted into an ammunition depot. Kinneil House, 1 m. south of
Bo'ness, a seat of the duke of Hamilton, formerly a keep, was fortified
by the regent Arran, plundered by the rebels in Queen Mary's reign, and
reconstructed in the time of Charles II. Dr John Roebuck (1718-1794),
founder of the Carron Iron Works, occupied it for several years from
1764. It was here that, on his invitation, James Watt constructed a
model of his steam-engine, which was tested in a now disused colliery.
Though Roebuck lost all his money in the coal-mines and salt works which
he established at Bo'ness, the development of the mineral resources of
the district may be regarded as due to him.

BONFIGLI, BENEDETTO, 15th century Italian painter, was born at Perugia.
Until near the middle of the 15th century the Umbrian school was far
behind those o