rney's _Evelina_ (3
vols., 1778) sold for 7s. 5d., her _Cecilia_ (5 vols., 1782) for 12s.
6d., and her _Camilla_ (5 vols., 1796) for L1:1s. Johnson's _Dictionary_
(2 vols. folio, 1755) cost L4:4s. in sheets, L4:15s. in boards.

_19th Century._--great change in the appearance of books was caused by
the use first of glazed calico (about 1820), afterwards (about 1830) of
cloth for the cases of books as issued by their publishers. At first the
lettering was printed on paper labels, but soon it was stamped in gilt
on the cloth, and in the last quarter of the century many very beautiful
covers were designed for English and American books. The designs for
leather bindings were for many years chiefly imitated from older work,
but towards the end of the 'eighties much greater originality began to
be shown. Book illustrations passed through many phases. As subsidiary
methods colour-prints, line engravings, lithographs and etchings were
all used during the first half of the century, but the main reliance was
on wood-engraving, in which extraordinary technical skill was developed.
In the 'sixties and the years which immediately preceded and followed
them many of the chief English artists supplied the engravers with
drawings. In the last decade of the century wood-engraving was
practically killed by the perfection attained by photographic methods of
reproduction (see PROCESS), the most popular of these methods entailing
the use of paper heavily coated with china clay. During the century
trade-printing, both in England and America, steadily improved, and the
work done by William Morris at his Kelmscott Press (1891-1896), and by
other amateur printers who imitated him, set a new standard of beauty of
type and ornament, and of richness of general effect. On the other hand
the demand for cheap reprints of famous works induced by the immense
extension of the reading public was supplied by scores of pretty if
flimsy editions at 1s. 6d. and 1s. and even less. The problem of how to
produce books at moderate prices on good paper and well sewn, was left
for the 20th century to settle. About 1894 the number of such
medium-priced books was greatly increased in England by the substitution
of single-volume novels at 6s. each (subject to discount) for the
three-volume editions at 31s. 6d. The preposterous price of 10s. 6d. a
volume had been adopted during the first popularity of the _Waverly
Novels_, and despite the example of France, where the sta