classic originals, a
creation of F.G. Welcker, and the provincial museum, standing near the
railway station, which contains a collection of medieval stone monuments
and works of art, besides a small picture gallery.

One of the most conspicuous features of Bonn, viewed from the river, is
the pilgrimage (monastic) church of Kreuzberg (1627), behind and above
Poppelsdorf; it has a flight of 28 steps, which pilgrims used to ascend
on their knees. "Der alte Zoll," commanding a magnificent view of the
Siebengebirge, is the only remaining bulwark of the old fortifications,
the Sterntor having been removed in order to open up better
communication with the rapidly increasing western suburbs and the
terminus of the light railway to Cologne.

But for its university Bonn would be a place of comparatively little
importance, its trade and commerce being of moderate dimensions. Its
principal industries are jute spinning and weaving, and the manufacture
of porcelain, flags, machinery and beer, and it has some trade in wine.
There are considerable numbers of foreign residents, notably English,
attracted by the natural beauty of the place and by the educational
facilities it affords.

Bonn (_Bonna_ or _Castra Bonnensia_), originally a town of the Ubii,
became at an early period the site of a Roman military settlement, and
as such is frequently mentioned by Tacitus. It was the scene, in A.D.
70, of a battle in which the Romans were defeated by Claudius Civilis,
the valiant leader of the Batavians. Greatly reduced by successive
barbarian inroads, it was restored about 359 by the emperor Julian. In
the centuries that followed the break-up of the Roman empire it again
suffered much from barbarian attacks, and was finally devastated in 889
by bands of Norse raiders who had sailed up the Rhine. It was again
fortified by Konrad von Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne (1238-1261),
whose successor, Engelbert von Falkenburg (d. 1274), driven out of his
cathedral city by the townspeople, established himself here (1265); from
which time until 1794 it remained the residence of the electors of
Cologne. During the various wars that devastated Germany in the 16th,
17th and 18th centuries, the town was frequently besieged and occupied
by the several belligerents, but continued to belong to the electors
till 1794, when the French took possession of it. At the peace of
Luneville they were formally recognized in their occupation; but in 1815
the town was