88), German scholar, was born at Langensalza in
Saxony on the 29th of July 1814. Having studied at Leipzig under G.
Hermann and at Berlin under Bockh and Lachmann, he became successively
teacher at the Blochmann institute in Dresden (1836), Oberlehrer at the
Friedrich-Wilhelms gymnasium (1838) and the Graues Kloster (1840) in
Berlin, professor at the gymnasium at Stettin (1842), professor at the
university of Vienna (1849), member of the imperial academy (1854),
member of the council of education (1864), and director of the Graues
Kloster gymnasium (1867). He retired in 1888, and died on the 25th of
July in that year at Berlin. He took great interest in higher education,
and was chiefly responsible for the system of teaching and examination
in use in the high schools of Prussia after 1882. But it is as a
commentator on Plato and Aristotle that he is best known outside
Germany. His most important works in this connexion are: _Disputationes
Platonicae Duae_ (1837); _Platonische Studien_ (3rd ed., 1886);
_Observations Criticae in Aristotelis Libros Metaphysicos_ (1842);
_Observationes Criticae in Aristotelis quae feruntur Magna Moralia et
Ethica Eudemia_ (1844); _Alexandri Aphrodisiensis Commentarius in Libras
Metaphysicos Aristotelis_ (1847); _Aristotelis Metaphysica_ (1848-1849);
_Uber die Kategorien des A._ (1853); _Aristotelische Studien_
(1862-1867); _Index Aristotelicus_ (1870). Other works: _Uber den
Ursprung der homerischen Gedichte_ (5th ed., 1881); _Beitrage zur
Erklarung des Thukydides_ (1854), _des Sophokles_ (1856-1857). He also
wrote largely on classical and educational subjects, mainly for the
_Zeitschrift fur die osterreichischen Gymnasien_.

A full list of his writings is given in the obituary notice by T.
Gompertz in the _Biographisches Jahrbuch fur Altertumskunde_ (1890).

BONIVARD, FRANCOIS (1493-1570), the hero of Byron's poem, _The Prisoner
of Chillon_, was born at Seyssel of an old Savoyard family. Bonivard has
been described as "a man of the Renaissance who had strayed into the age
of the Reformation." His real character and history are, however, widely
different from the legendary account which was popularized by Byron. In
1510 he succeeded his uncle, who had educated him, as prior of the
Cluniac priory of St Victor, close to Geneva. He naturally, therefore,
opposed the attempts of the duke of Savoy, aided by his relative, the
bishop of the city, to maintain his rights as lord of Geneva.