ages, and until
1804, when the French dismantled it. One tower only of the old castle of
the marquesses of Monferrato, who possessed the town from 1164 to 1435,
remains. Chivasso is on the main line from Turin to Milan, and is the
junction of branches for Aosta and Casale Monferrato.

CHIVE (_Allium Schoenoprasum_), a hardy perennial plant, with small
narrow bulbs tufted on short root-stocks and long cylindrical hollow
leaves. It is found in the north of England and in Cornwall, and growing
in rocky pastures throughout temperate and northern Europe and Asiatic
Russia, and also in the mountain districts of southern Europe. It is
cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which are used in salads and
soups as a substitute for young onions. It will grow in any good soil,
and is propagated by dividing the roots into small clumps in spring or
autumn; these are planted from 8 to 12 in. apart and soon form large
tufts. The leaves should be cut frequently so as to obtain them tender
and succulent.

CHLOPICKI, GREGORZ JOZEF (1772-1854), Polish general, was born in March
1772 in Podolia. He was educated at the school of the Basilians at
Szarogrod, from which in 1787 he ran away in order to enlist as a
volunteer in the Polish army. He was present at all the engagements
fought during 1792-1794, especially distinguishing himself at the battle
of Raclawice, when he was General Rymkiewicz's adjutant. On the
formation of the Italian legion he joined the second battalion as major,
and was publicly complimented by General Oudinot for his extraordinary
valour at the storming of Peschiera. He also distinguished himself at
the battles of Modena, Busano, Casabianca and Ponto. In 1807 he
commanded the first Vistulan regiment, and rendered good service at the
battles of Eylau and Friedland. In Spain he obtained the legion of
honour and the rank of a French baron for his heroism at the battle of
Epila and the storming of Saragossa, and in 1809 was promoted to be
general of brigade. In 1812 he accompanied the _Grande Armee_ to Russia,
was seriously wounded at Smolensk, and on the reconstruction of the
Polish army in 1813 was made a general of division. On his return to
Poland in 1814, he entered the Russian army with the rank of a general
officer, but a personal insult from the grand duke Constantine resulted
in his retiring into private life. He held aloof at first from the
Polish national rising of 1830, but at the general request of