the 19th century.

See E. Manson, _Builders of our Law_ (1904).

CHIUSI (anc. _Clusium_), a town of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of
Siena, 55 m. S.E. by rail from the town of Siena, and 26 m. N.N.W. of
Orvieto. Pop. (1901) 6011. It is situated on a hill 1305 ft. above
sea-level, and is surrounded by medieval walls, in which, in places,
fragments of the Etruscan wall are incorporated. The cathedral of S.
Mustiola is a basilica with a nave and two aisles, with eighteen columns
of different kinds of marble, from ancient buildings. It has been
restored and decorated with frescoes in modern times. The campanile
belongs to the 13th century. The place was devastated by malaria in the
middle ages, and did not recover until the Chiana valley was drained in
the 18th century. For the catacombs see CLUSIUM.

CHIVALRY (O. Fr. _chevalerie_, from Late Lat. _caballerius_), the
knightly class of feudal times, possessing its own code of rules, moral
and social (see KNIGHTHOOD AND CHIVALRY). The primary sense in the
middle ages is "knights" or "fully armed and mounted fighting men."
Thence the term came to mean that gallantry in battle and high sense of
honour in general expected of knights. Thus "to do chivalry" was a
medieval phrase for "to act the knight." Lastly, the word came to be
used in its present very general sense of "courtesy." In English law
chivalry meant the tenure of land by knights' service. It was a service
due to the crown, usually forty days' military attendance annually. The
_Court of Chivalry_ was a court instituted by Edward III., of which the
lord high constable and earl marshal of England were joint judges. When
both sat the court had summary criminal jurisdiction as regards all
offences committed by knights, and generally as to military matters.
When the earl marshal alone presided, it was a court of honour deciding
as to precedence, coats of arms, &c. This court sat for the last time in
1737. The heraldic side of its duties are now vested in the earl marshal
as head of the Heralds' College.

CHIVASSO, a town and episcopal see of Piedmont, Italy, in the province
of Turin, 18 m. N.E. by rail from the town of Turin, 600 ft. above
sea-level. Pop. (1901) 4169 (town), 9804 (commune). It is situated on
the left bank of the Po, near the influx of the Orco. The cathedral is
of the 15th century with a fine facade ornamented with statues in
terra-cotta. It was an important fortress in the middle