ne. In 1885 the south of France, Italy, Sicily and Spain
all suffered, especially the last, where nearly 120,000 deaths occurred.
Portugal escaped, and the authorities there attributed their good
fortune to the institution of a military cordon, in which they have had
implicit confidence ever since. In 1886 the same countries suffered
again, and also Austria-Hungary. From Italy the disease was carried to
South America, and even travelled as far as Chile, where it had
previously been unknown. In 1887 it still lingered in the Mediterranean,
causing great mortality in Messina especially. According to Dr A.J.
Wall, this epidemic cost 250,000 lives in Europe and at least 50,000 in
America. A particular interest attaches to it in the fact that a
localized revival of the disease was caused in Spain in 1890 by the
disturbance of the graves of some of the victims who had died of cholera
four years previously.

_1892-1895._--This great invasion reverted again to the old overland
route, but the march of the disease was of unprecedented rapidity.
Within less than five months it travelled from the North-West Provinces
of India to St Petersburg, and probably to Hamburg, and thence in a few
days to England and the United States. This speed, in such striking
contrast to the slow advance of former occasions, was attributed, and no
doubt rightly, to improved steam transit, and particularly the
Transcaspian railway. The progress of the disease was traced from place
to place, and almost from day to day, with great precision, showing how
it moves along the chief highways and is obviously carried by man. The
main facts are as follows:--Cholera was extensively and severely
prevalent in India in 1891, causing 601,603 deaths, the highest
mortality since 1877. In March 1892 it broke out at the Hardwar fair, a
day or two before the pilgrims dispersed; on the 19th of April it was at
Kabul, on the 1st of May at Herat, and on the 26th of May at Meshed.
From Meshed it moved in three directions--due west to Teheran in Persia,
north-east by the Transcaspian railway to Samarkand in Central Asia, and
north-west by the same line in the opposite direction to Uzun-ada on the
Caspian Sea. It reached Uzun-ada on the 6th of June; crossed to Baku,
June 18th; Astrakhan, June 24th; then up the Volga to Nizhniy-Novgorod,
arriving at Moscow and St Petersburg early in August. The part played by
steam transit is clear from the fact that the disease took no longer to
t