Indies. This epidemic appears to have been even more deadly than
the former, especially as regards Great Britain and France. A third
great outbreak of cholera took place in the East in 1850, entering
Europe in 1853. During the two succeeding years it prevailed extensively
throughout the continent, and fell with severity on the armies engaged
in the Crimean War. Although widely prevalent in Great Britain and
Ireland it was less destructive than former epidemics. It was specially
severe throughout both North and South America. A fourth epidemic
visited Europe again in 1865-1866, but was on the whole less extensive
and destructive than its predecessors.

By some writers the epidemic of 1853 is regarded as a recrudescence of
that of 1847. The earlier ones followed the land route by way of
Afghanistan and Persia, and took several years to reach Europe. That of
1865 travelled more rapidly, being carried from Bombay by sea to Mecca,
from there to Suez and Alexandria, and then on to various Mediterranean
ports. Within the year it had not only spread extensively in Europe,
but had reached the West Indies. In 1866 it invaded England and the
United States, but during the following year it died down in the West.
The subsequent history of cholera in Europe may be stated
chronologically.

_1860-1874._--This invasion was traced to the great gathering of
pilgrims at Hardwar on the Upper Ganges in the month of April 1867. From
there the returning pilgrims carried it to the Punjab, Kashmir and
Afghanistan, whence it spread to Persia and the Caspian, but it did not
reach Russia until 1869. During the next four years a number of
outbreaks occurred in central Europe, and notably one at Munich in the
winter of 1873. The irregular character of these epidemics suggests that
they were rather survivals from the pandemic wave of 1867 than fresh
importations, but there is no doubt that cholera was carried overland
into Russia in the manner described.

_1883-1887._--This visitation, again, came by the Mediterranean. In 1883
a severe outbreak occurred in Egypt, causing a mortality of above
25,000. Its origin remained unknown. During this epidemic Koch
discovered the comma bacillus. The following year cholera appeared at
Toulon. It was said to have been brought in a troopship from Saigon in
Cochin-China, but it may have been connected with the Egyptian epidemic.
A severe outbreak followed and reached Italy, nearly 8000 persons dying
in Naples alo