Cardinal de Bernis, _Memoires et lettres_ (Paris, 1878); Madame de
Pompadour, _Correspondance_ (Paris, 1878); _Revue historique_, tomes
82 and 87 (Paris, 1903-1905); Horace Walpole, _Memoirs of the Reign of
George III._, edited by G.F.R. Barker (London, 1894); G. Mangros, _Le
duc et la duchesse de Choiseul_ (Paris, 1903); and _La Disgrace du duc
et de la duchesse de Choiseul_ (Paris, 1903); E. Calmettes, _Choiseul
et Voltaire_ (Paris, 1902); A. Bourguet, _Etudes sur la politique
etrangere du duc de Choiseul_ (Paris, 1907); and _Le Duc de Choiseul
et l'alliance espagnole_ (Paris, 1906). See also the _Edinburgh
Review_ for July 1908.

CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, CLAUDE ANTOINE GABRIEL, Duc de (1760-1838), French
soldier, was brought up at Chanteloup, under the care of his relative,
Etienne Francois, duc de Choiseul, who was childless. The outbreak of
the Revolution found him a colonel of dragoons, and throughout those
troublous times he was distinguished for his devotion to the royal
house. He took part in the attempt of Louis XVI. to escape from Paris on
the 20th of June 1791; was arrested with the king, and imprisoned.
Liberated in May 1792, he emigrated in October, and fought in the "army
of Conde" against the republic. Captured in 1795, he was confined at
Dunkirk; escaped, set sail for India, was wrecked on the French coast,
and condemned to death by the decree of the Directory. Nevertheless, he
was fortunate enough to escape once more. Napoleon allowed him to return
to France in 1801, but he remained in private life until the fall of the
Empire. At the Restoration he was called to the House of Peers by Louis
XVIII. At the revolution of 1830 he was nominated a member of the
provisional government; and he afterwards received from Louis Philippe
the post of aide-de-camp to the king and governor of the Louvre. He died
in Paris on the 1st of December 1838.

CHOISY, FRANCOIS TIMOLEON, Abbe de (1644-1724), French author, was born
in Paris on the 16th of August 1644, and died in Paris on the 2nd of
October 1724. His father was attached to the household of the duke of
Orleans, and his mother, who was on intimate terms with Anne of Austria,
was regularly called upon to amuse Louis XIV. By a whim of his mother,
the boy was dressed like a girl until he was eighteen, and, after
appearing for a short time in man's costume, he resumed woman's dress on
the advice--doubtless satirical--of Madame de La Fayett