asily have marshalled 100,000. Moreover, the diet neglected to
pay for the maintenance even of this paltry 2000, with the result that
they mutinied and compelled their leader to retreat through the heart of
Muscovy to Smolensk. Not till the crown prince Wladislaus arrived with
tardy reinforcements did the war assume a different character,
Chodkiewicz opening a new career of victory by taking the fortress of
Drohobu in 1617. The Muscovite war had no sooner been ended by the
treaty of Deulina than Chodkiewicz was hastily despatched southwards to
defend the southern frontier against the Turks, who after the
catastrophe of Cecora (see ZOLKIEWSKI) had high hopes of conquering
Poland altogether. An army of 160,000 Turkish veterans led by Sultan
Osman in person advanced from Adrianople towards the Polish frontier,
but Chodkiewicz crossed the Dnieper in September 1621 and entrenched
himself in the fortress of Khotin right in the path of the Ottoman
advance. Here for a whole month the Polish hero held the sultan at bay,
till the first fall of autumn snow compelled Osman to withdraw his
diminished forces. But the victory was dearly purchased by Poland. A few
days before the siege was raised the aged grand hetman died of
exhaustion in the fortress (Sept. 24th, 1621).

See Adam Stanislaw Naruszewicz, _Life of J.K. Chodkiewicz_ (Pol.; 4th
ed., Cracow, 1857-1858); Lukasz Golebiowski, _The Moral Side of J.K.
Chodkiewicz as indicated by his Letters_ (Pol.; Warsaw, 1854).
(R. N. B.)

CHODOWIECKI, DANIEL NICOLAS (1726-1801), German painter and engraver of
Polish descent, was born at Danzig. Left an orphan at an early age, he
devoted himself to the practice of miniature painting, the elements of
which his father had taught him, as a means of support for himself and
his mother. In 1743 he went to Berlin, where for some time he worked as
clerk in an uncle's office, practising art, however, in his leisure
moments, and gaining a sort of reputation as a painter of miniatures for
snuff-boxes. The Berlin Academy, attracted by a small engraving of his,
entrusted to him the illustration of its yearly almanac. After designing
and engraving several subjects from the story of the Seven Years' War,
Chodowiecki produced the famous "History of the Life of Jesus Christ," a
set of admirably painted miniatures, which made him at once so popular
that he laid aside all occupations save those of painting and engraving.
Few books were publish