y. A
quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por
dos anos, entonces _es soldado_: John has enlisted for two years, then he
is a soldier.]

_Estar_ is used to denote--

1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as--

Estoy aqui I am here.
Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.

2. A condition, as--

Estoy candado: I am tired.
Esta enfermo: He is ill.

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.

_Ser_ must be used--

1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as--

Soy negociante: I am a merchant.

Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange
broker.

Son buenos valores: They are good securities.

2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as--

Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these
makers.

3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as--

Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal
proceedings.

4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]

[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities,"
but they are spoken of as such.]

_Estar_ must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118]
as--

Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts.
Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.

[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a
quality.]

Verbs ending in _cer_, _cir_, _ger_ and _gir_ change the _c_ into =z=
and the _g_ into =j= before _a_ or _o_ as--

+----------------------+-----------------------+
| =Vencer= (to win) | =Dirigir= (to direct)|
+----------------------+-----------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._, venzo| dirijo |
|_Pres. Subj._, venza| dirija |
+----------------------+-----------------------+

Verbs ending in _guir_ and _quir_ change the _gu_ into =g= and the _qu_
into =c= before _a_ or _o_, as--

+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| =Distinguir= | =Delinquir=[119] |
| (to distinguish) |(to commit a delinquency)|
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
|_Pres. Indic._, Distingo| Delinco |
|_Pres. Subj._, Distinga| Delinca |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+

[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in _quir_.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=, to have just
=accesorio=, accessor