hed from it, as
well as from pine and larch, by the absence of resin ducts. Quality,
uses, and habits similar to spruce.

=11. Balsam Fir= (_Abies balsamea_) (Balsam, Fir Tree, Balm of Gilead
Fir). Heartwood white to brownish; sapwood lighter color;
coarse-grained, compact structure, satiny. Wood light, not durable or
strong, resinous, easily split. Used for boxes, crates, doors,
millwork, cheap lumber, paper pulp. Inferior to white pine or spruce,
yet often mixed and sold with these species in the lumber market. A
medium-sized tree scattered throughout the northern pineries, and cut
in lumber operations whenever of sufficient size. Minnesota to Maine
and northward.

=12. White Fir= (_Abies grandis_ and _Abies concolor_). Medium-to very
large-sized tree, forming an important part of most of the Western
mountain forests, and furnishes much of the lumber of the respective
regions. The former occurs from Vancouver to California, and the
latter from Oregon to Arizona and eastward to Colorado and Mexico. The
wood is soft and light, coarse-grained, not unlike the "Swiss pine" of
Europe, but darker and firmer, and is not suitable for any purpose
requiring strength. It is used for boxes, barrels, and to a small
extent for wood pulp.

=13. White Fir= (_Abies amabalis_). Good-sized tree, often forming
extensive mountain forests. Wood similar in quality and uses to _Abies
grandis_. Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.

=14. Red Fir= (_Abies nobilis_) (Noble Fir) (not to be confounded with
Douglas spruce. See No. 40). Large to very large-sized tree, forming
extensive forests on the slope of the mountains between 3,000 and
4,000 feet elevation. Cascade Mountains of Oregon.

=15. Red Fir= (_Abies magnifica_). Very large-sized tree, forming
forests about the base of Mount Shasta. Sierra Nevada Mountains of
California, from Mount Shasta southward.

HEMLOCK

Light to medium weight, soft, stiff, but brittle, commonly
cross-grained, rough and splintery. Sapwood and heartwood not well
defined. The wood of a light reddish-gray color, free from resin
ducts, moderately durable, shrinks and warps considerably in drying,
wears rough, retains nails firmly. Used principally for dimension
stuff and timbers. Hemlocks are medium- to large-sized trees, commonly
scattered among broad-leaved trees and conifers, but often forming
forests of almost pure growth.

=16. Hemlock= (_Tsuga canadensis_) (Hemlo