a, westward to Missouri, Nebraska,
Kansas, and eastern Texas. Reaches its best form in Missouri and
Kansas.

=78. Basket Oak= (_Quercus michauxii_) (Cow Oak). Large-sized tree.
Locally abundant. Lower Mississippi and eastward to Delaware.

=79. Scrub Oak= (_Quercus ilicifolia_ var. _pumila_) (Bear Oak).
Small-sized tree. Heartwood light brown, sapwood darker color. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, and coarse-grained. Found in New England and
along the Alleghanies.

=80. Post Oak= (_Quercus obtusiloda_ var. _minor_) (Iron Oak). Medium-
to large-sized tree, gives timber of great strength. The color is of a
brownish yellow hue, close-grained, and often superior to the white
oak (_Quercus alba_) in strength and durability. It is used for posts
and fencing, and locally for construction. Arkansas to Texas, eastward
to New England and northward to Michigan.

=81. Red Oak= (_Quercus rubra_) (Black Oak). Medium- to large-sized
tree. Heartwood light brown to red, sapwood lighter color. Wood
coarse-grained, well-marked annual rings, medullary rays few but
broad. Wood heavy, hard, strong, liable to check in seasoning. It is
found over the same range as white oak, and is more plentiful. Wood is
spongy in grain, moderately durable, but unfit for work requiring
strength. Used for agricultural implements, furniture, bob sleds,
vehicle parts, boxes, cooperage, woodenware, fixtures, interior
finish, railway ties, etc., etc. Common in all parts of its range.
Maine to Minnesota, and southward to the Gulf.

=82. Black Oak= (_Quercus tinctoria_ var. _velutina_) (Yellow Oak).
Medium- to large-sized tree. Heartwood bright brown tinged with red,
sapwood lighter color. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained,
checks considerably in seasoning. Very common in the Southern States,
but occurring North as far as Minnesota, and eastward to Maine.

=83. Barren Oak= (_Quercus nigra_ var. _marilandica_) (Black Jack, Jack
Oak). Small-sized tree. Heartwood dark brown, sapwood lighter color.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, not valuable. Used in the
manufacture of charcoal and for fuel. New York to Kansas and Nebraska,
and southward to Florida. Rare in the North, but abundant in the
South.

=84. Shingle Oak= (_Quercus imbricaria_) (Laurel Oak). Small to
medium-sized tree. Heartwood pale reddish brown, sapwood lighter
color. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, checks considerably
in drying. Used for shingles and locally for construction. Ra