ct with the soil. The
wood shrinks considerably in drying, works well and stands well in
interior work. It is used for cooperage, in carpentry, in the
manufacture of furniture and woodenware (both turned and carved), for
toys, also for panelling of car and carriage bodies, for agricultural
implements, automobiles, sides and backs of drawers, cigar boxes,
excelsior, refrigerators, trunks, and paper pulp. It is also largely
cut for veneer and used as "three-ply" for boxes and chair seats. It
is used for sounding boards in pianos and organs. If well seasoned and
painted it stands fairly well for outside work. Common in all northern
broad-leaved forests. Found throughout the eastern United States, but
reaches its greatest size in the Valley of the Ohio, becoming often
130 feet in height, but its usual height is about 70 feet.

=10. White Basswood= (_Tilia heterophylla_) (Whitewood). A small-sized
tree. Wood in its quality and uses similar to the preceding, only it
is lighter in color. Most abundant in the Alleghany region.

=11. White Basswood= (_Tilia pubescens_) (Downy Linden, Small-leaved
Basswood). Small-sized tree. Wood in its quality and uses similar to
_Tilia Americana_. This is a Southern species which makes it way as
far north as Long Island. Is found at its best in South Carolina.

BEECH

=12. Beech= (_Fagus ferruginea_) (Red Beech, White Beech). Medium-sized
tree, common, sometimes forming forests of pure growth. Wood heavy,
hard, stiff, strong, of rather coarse texture, white to light brown
color, not durable in contact with the soil, and subject to the
inroads of boring insects. Rather close-grained, conspicuous medullary
rays, and when quarter-sawn and well smoothed is very beautiful. The
wood shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works well and stands
well, and takes a fine polish. Beech is comparatively free from
objectionable taste, and finds a place in the manufacture of
commodities which come in contact with foodstuffs, such as lard tubs,
butter boxes and pails, and the beaters of ice cream freezers; for the
latter the persistent hardness of the wood when subjected to attrition
and abrasion, while wet gives it peculiar fitness. It is an excellent
material for churns. Sugar hogsheads are made of beech, partly because
it is a tasteless wood and partly because it has great strength. A
large class of woodenware, including veneer plates, dishes, boxes,
paddles, scoop