dium-to
large-sized tree, never forming forests. Wood is light, moderately
hard, stiff, elastic, not strong, but very durable when in contact
with the soil, of coarse texture. Sapwood light, heartwood darker
brown, and is readily distinguishable from the sapwood, which very
early turns into heartwood. It shrinks and checks considerably in
drying, works easily, stands well. The annual rings are very distinct,
medullary rays very minute and not visible to the naked eye. Used in
cooperage, for cabinetwork, agricultural implements, railway ties,
telegraph poles, fence posts, sills, boxes, crates, coffins,
furniture, fixtures, foundation for veneer, and locally in heavy
construction. Very common in the Alleghanies. Occurs from Maine to
Michigan and southward to Alabama.

=27. Chestnut= (_Castanea dentata_ var. _vesca_). Medium-sized tree,
never forming forests, not common. Heartwood brown color, sapwood
lighter shade, coarse-grained. Wood and uses similar to the preceding.
Occurs scattered along the St. Lawrence River, and even there is met
with only in small quantities.

=28. Chinquapin= (_Castanea pumila_). Medium- to small-sized tree, with
wood slightly heavier, but otherwise similiar to the preceding. Most
common in Arkansas, but with nearly the same range as _Castanea
vulgaris_.

=29. Chinquapin= (_Castanea chrysophylla_). A medium-sized tree of the
western ranges of California and Oregon.

COFFEE TREE

=30. Coffee Tree= (_Gymnocladus dioicus_) (Coffee Nut, Stump Tree). A
medium- to large-sized tree, not common. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
very stiff, of coarse texture, and durable. Sapwood yellow, heartwood
reddish brown, shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works well
and stands well, and takes a fine polish. It is used to a limited
extent in cabinetwork and interior finish. Pennsylvania to Minnesota
and Arkansas.

COTTONWOOD (See Poplar)

CRAB APPLE

=31. Crab Apple= (_Pyrus coronaria_) (Wild Apple, Fragrant Crab).
Small-sized tree. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood yellow. Wood heavy,
hard, not strong, close-grained. Used principally for tool handles and
small domestic articles. Most abundant in the middle and western
states, reaches its greatest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio
basin.

CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia)

DOGWOOD

=32. Dogwood= (_Cornus