zepore district in two. The
population is composed of Sikhs 42-1/2, Hindus
and Jains 29, and Musalmans 28-1/2 p.c. Sikh
Jats are the strongest tribe. The country
is flat. In the west it is very sandy, but in the east
the soil is firmer and is
irrigated in part by the Sirhind
Canal. The Chief, like
the Phulkians, is a Sidhu
Barar Jat, and, though not
a descendant of Phul, unites
his line with the Phulkians
further back. The present
Raja, Brijindar Singh, is 17
years of age, and the State
is managed by a Council of
Regency.

[Sidenote: Area, 168 sq.m.
Pop. 55,915.
Rev.
Rs. 221,000
= L14,733.]

~Kalsia~ consists of a number of patches of territory in Ambala and an
enclave in Ferozepore known as Chirak. The founder of the State was one
of the Jats from the Panjab, who swept over Ambala after the capture of
Sirhind in 1763, and carved out petty principalities, of which Kalsia is
the only survivor (page 180). The capital is Chachrauli, eight or nine
miles north-west of Jagadhri. The present Chief, Sardar Ravi Sher Singh,
is a minor.

3. _The Muhammadan States_

[Sidenote: Area,
15,917 sq. m.
Cultd area,
1853 sq. m.
Pop. 780,641;
84 p.c. M.
Rev.
Rs. 35,00,000
= L233,333.]

~Bahawalpur~ is by far the largest of the Panjab States. But the greater
part of it is at present desert, and the population, except in the river
tract, is very sparse. Bahawalpur stretches from Ferozepore on the north
to the Sindh border. It has a river frontage exceeding 300 miles on the
Sutlej, Panjnad, and Indus. The cultivated area in 1903-4 was 1451
square miles, and of this 83 p.c. was irrigated and 10 p.c. flooded. The
rainfall is only five inches and the climate is very hot. South and east
of the rivers is a tract of low land known as the "Sindh," which widens
out to the south. It is partly flooded and partly irrigated by
inundation canals with the help of wells. Palm groves are a conspicuous
feature in the Sindh. Behind it is a great stretch of strong loam or
"_pat_," narrow in the south, but widening out in the north. It is
bounded on the south-east by a wide depression known as the Hakra,
probably at one time the bed of the Sutlej. At present little
cultivation is possible in the _pat_, but there is some hope that a
canal taking out on the right bank of the Sutlej in Ferozepore may bring
the water of that river back to it. South of the Hakra is a huge tract
of sand and sand dunes, known as the Rohi or Cholistan, which i