war border. The
last serious outbreak was in 1897, when a determined, but unsuccessful,
attack was made on our posts at Chakdarra and the Malakand Pass. The
Swatis are Yusafzai Pathans of the Akozai clan, and are divided into
five sections, one of which is known as Ranizai.

(_b_) ~Sam Ranizai.~--A small tract between the Peshawar border and the
hills is occupied by the Sam Ranizais, who were formerly servants and
tenants of the Ranizais, but are now independent.

(_c_) ~Utman Khel.~--The country of the Utman Khels begins where the
Peshawar boundary turns to the south. This tribe occupies the tract on
both sides of the Swat river to the west of Swat and Sam Ranizai. On the
south-west the Swat river divides the Utman Khels from the Mohmands.
Their country is very barren, but a good many of them cultivate land in
the Peshawar district. The Utman Khels are quite independent of the
surrounding tribes and have been troublesome neighbours to ourselves.

(_d_) ~Bajaur.~--Bajaur is a very mountainous tract lying to the
north-west of the Utman Khel country and between it and the Durand line.
It includes four valleys, through which flow the Rud river and its
affluents with the exception of that known as Jandol. The valley of the
last is now included in Dir. The Rud, also known as the Bajaur, is a
tributary of the Panjkora. The people consist mainly of Mamunds and
other sections of the Tarkanri clan, which is related to the Yusafzais.
They own a very nominal allegiance to the Khan of Nawagai, who is
recognised as the hereditary head of the Tarkanris. They manage their
affairs in quasi-republican fashion through a council consisting of the
particular party which for the time being has got the upper hand.

(_e_) ~Dir.~--Dir is the mountainous country drained by the Panjkora and
its tributaries, to the north of its junction with the Rud river in
Bajaur. It is separated from Chitral by the Uchiri Range, which forms
the watershed of the Panjkora and Kunar rivers. The military road to
Kila Drosh crosses this chain by the Lowari Pass at a height of 10,200
feet. The people of Dir are mostly Yusafzais, relations of the Swatis,
whom they much resemble in character. They pay one-tenth of their
produce to their overlord, the Khan of Dir, when he is strong enough to
take it. The higher parts of the country have a good climate and contain
fine _deodar_ forests. The Khan derives much of his income from the
export of timber, which is floated d