ja of Kashmir.]

[Illustration: Fig. 139. Sketch Map of Chenab and Jhelam Valleys (Jammu
and Kashmir).]

~Divisions.~--The following broad divisions may be recognised:

1. Chenab Valley (_a_) Plain and Kandi or Low Hills.
(_b_) Uplands of Kishtwar and Bhadrawah.

2. Jhelam Valley (_a_) Vale of Kashmir with adjoining glens and hills.
(_b_) Gorge below Baramula and Kishnganga Valley.

3. Indus Valley (_a_) Ladakh including Zanskar and Rupshu.
(_b_) Baltistan.
(_c_) Astor and Gilgit.

~Chenab Valley.~--(_a_) _Plain and Kandi._ This tract extends from Mirpur
on the Jhelam to Kathua near the Ravi and close to the head-works of the
Upper Bari Doab Canal at Madhopur. It is coterminous with the Panjab
districts of Jhelam, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur, and comprises four
of the five districts of the Jammu Province, Mirpur, Riasi, Jammu, and
Jasrota, and a part of the fifth, Udhampur. The plain is moist and
unhealthy. The rough country behind with a stony and thirsty red soil
covered in its natural state with _garna_ (Carissa spinarum), _sanatan_
(Dodonaea viscosa), and _bhekar_ (Adhatoda vasica) does not suffer in
this respect. The chief crops of the Kandi are wheat, barley, and rape
in the spring, and maize and _bajra_ in the autumn, harvest. Behind the
Kandi is a higher and better tract, including Naoshera, with wide
valleys, in which maize replaces _bajra_.

(_b_) _Uplands._ The greater part of the Upper Chenab Valley is occupied
by Kishtwar and _Jagir_ Bhadrawah. The rainfall is heavy and there is
copious irrigation from _kuhls_ (page 142), but elevation and rapid
drainage make the climate healthy. In the upper parts snow and cold
winds sometimes prevent the ripening of the crops. The poppy is grown in
Kishtwar and Bhadrawah. Kishtwar is a part of the Udhampur district.

~Jhelam Valley.~--(_a_) _Vale of Kashmir with adjoining glens and
mountains._ This first division of the Jhelam Valley extends from the
source above Vernag to Baramula, and embraces not only the Vale of
Kashmir, over 80 miles long and from 20 to 25 miles in breadth, but the
glens which drain into it and the mountains that surround it. It
therefore includes cultivation of all sorts from rich irrigated rice
fields to narrow plots terraced up mountain slopes on which buckwheat
and the beardless Tibetan barley are grown. The administrative divisions
are the _wazarat