om Central Asia. They struck what are
termed the Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins bearing names in
legible Greek legends--Manes, Azes, Azilises, Gondophares, Abdagases.
Both Greeks and Sakas were overthrown by the Kushans. The extensive gold
and copper Kushan currency, with inscriptions in the Greek script,
contains the names of Kadphises, Kanishka, Huvishka, and others. In
addition to the coins of these foreign dynasties, there are the purely
Indian currencies, e.g. the coins of Taxila, and those bearing the names
of such tribes as the Odumbaras, Kunindas, and Yaudheyas. The White Huns
overthrew the Kushan Empire in the fifth century. After their own fall
in the sixth century, there are more and more debased types of coinage
such as the ubiquitous _Gadhiya paisa_, a degraded Sassanian type. In
the ninth century we again meet with coins bearing distinct names, the
"bull and horseman" currency of the Hindu kings of Kabul. We have now
reached the beginning of the Muhammadan rule in India. Muhammad bin
Sam was the founder of the first Pathan dynasty of Delhi, and was
succeeded by a long line of Sultans. The Pathan and Moghal coins bear
Arabic and Persian legends. There were mints at Lahore, Multan,
Hafizabad, Kalanaur, Derajat, Peshawar, Srinagar and Jammu. An issue of
coins peculiar to the Panjab is that of the Sikhs. Their coin legends,
partly Persian, partly Panjabi, are written in the Persian and Gurmukhi
scripts. Amongst Sikh mints were Amritsar, Lahore, Multan, Dera,
Anandgarh, Jhang, and Kashmir.

[Illustration: Fig. 82. Coins.

1. Silver punch-marked coin. 2. Drachma of Sophytes (Panjab Satrap about
time of Alexander). 3. Hemidrachma of Azes. 4. Copper coin of Taxila. 5.
Silver Kuninda coin. 6. Stater of Wema Kadphises. 7. Stater of Kanishka.
8. Later Kushan stater. 9. White Hun silver piece. 10. Gadhiya _paisa_.
11. Silver coin of Spalapati Deva, Hindu King of Kabul.]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 7: See page 166.]

CHAPTER XXII

ADMINISTRATION--GENERAL

~Panjab Districts.~--The administrative unit in the Panjab is the district
in charge of a Deputy Commissioner. The districts are divided into
_tahsils_, each on the average containing four, and are grouped together
in divisions managed by Commissioners. There are 28 districts and five
divisions. An ordinary Panjab district has an area of 2000 to 3000
square miles and contains from 1000 to 2000 village estates. Devon, the
third in size of the English