counties, is about equal to an average
Panjab district.

~Branches of Administration.~--The provincial governments of India are
organized in three branches, Executive, Judicial, and Revenue, and a
number of special departments, such as Forests and Irrigation. Under
"Judicial" there are two subdivisions, civil and criminal. The tendency
at first is for powers in all three branches to be concentrated in the
hands of single individuals, development tends to specialization, but it
is a matter of controversy how far the separation of executive and
magisterial functions can be carried without jeopardy to the common
weal.

~The Lieutenant Governor.~--At the head of the whole administration is the
Lieutenant Governor, who holds office for five years. He has a strong
Secretariat to help in the dispatch of business. The experiment of
governing the Panjab by a Board was speedily given up, and for sixty
years it has enjoyed the advantage of one man government, the Lieutenant
Governor controlling all subordinate authorities and being himself only
controlled by the Governor General in Council. The independence of the
Courts in the exercise of judicial functions is of course safeguarded.

~Official hierarchy.~--The following is a list of the official hierarchy
in the different branches of the administration:

_A._ Lieutenant Governor.
_B._ Five Judges of Chief Court (_j_).
_C._ Two Financial Commissioners (_r_).
_D._ Five Commissioners, (_e_) and (_r_).
_E._ Sixteen Divisional and Sessions Judges (_j_).
_F._ Deputy Commissioners, (_e_), (_r_) and (_crim_).
_G._ District Judges (_civ_).
_H._ Subordinate Judges (_civ_).
_J._ Assistant and Extra Assistant Commissioners, (_e_), (_j_) and (_r_).
_K._ Tahsildars (_e_), (_r_) and (_crim_).
_L._ _Munsifs_ (_civ_).
_M._ _Naib-Tahsildars_, (_e_) (_r_) and (_j_).

The letters in brackets indicate the classes of functions which the
official concerned usually exercises. Translated into a diagram we have
the following:

Lieutenant Governor

Judicial Executive Revenue

Chief Court Financial
Commissioners

Divisional and Sessions Judges Commissioners

Civil Criminal

District Judges Deputy Commissioners

Asst. and Extra Asst.
Com