l defense may, therefore, be said to consist of three parts:

1st--Defense of the coast against bombardment and invasion.

2d--Defense of the trade routes traversed by ships carrying the
exports and imports of the country.

3d--Defense of the national policy, including defense of the nation's
reputation, honor, and prestige.

Of these, defense of the coast against bombardment and invasion is
the easiest, and defense of the national policy the most difficult;
because in preventing bombardment and invasion the defender has the
strategical advantage of being nearer home than the adversary;
while in the defense of a country's policy, a naval force may have
to "assume the offensive," and go even to the far distant coasts
of the enemy--as the Russian fleet went to Tsushima, where it met
its death.

In that part of naval defense which is concerned with trade routes,
the strategical advantage must go, in general, to that side which
is the nearer to the locality where the decisive battle may occur.

In laying down a policy of naval defense, however, it is not necessary
to consider these three parts separately, because no nation can
ever tell whether in the distant future its naval defense will
have to be used directly for any one of the three, or for all.
In general terms, it may be stated that in nearly all naval wars
the fleet has been used more for the defense of the nation's policy
than for the actual defense of the coasts or the trade routes. This
does not mean that there has never been a bombardment or invasion,
or that the defense of trade routes may not have been the cause of
the war itself; but it does mean that in actual wars bombardment
or invasion has been rare, the capture of merchant vessels has
played a minor part, and the deciding events have been battles
between two fleets, that were often far from the land of either.

Owing to the fact that within modern times most of the important
countries of the world have been those of continental Europe, with
frontiers contiguous, and in fact identical, the defense of a country
has been largely committed to the army, and most of the wars have
been on land. The country standing in exception to this has been
Great Britain, whose isolated and insular situation demanded a
defense that was strictly naval. The tremendous advance in recent
times of the engineering arts, by which ships became larger and
faster, and able to carry more powerful and accurate guns than ever
b