confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels,
mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally
conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at
Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified
leaf-section of var. pumila.

3. PINUS ALBICAULIS

1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).
1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f.
(not Zuccarini).
1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.
1867 P. shasta Carriere, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.

Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves
from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years;
stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets
short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales
often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile,
oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or
slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting
the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient,
often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.

This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and
Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as
far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho
and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of
many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses
close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and
is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts,
which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a
bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe.

P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves
with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its
indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without
membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis
by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a
varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124).
Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the
mountains of sou