culminate in
species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the
purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with
this evolution.

Plate XXI.

Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified
leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig.
185, Habit of the tree.

30. PINUS MONTANA

1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.
1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.
1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 336.
1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franc. ed. 3,
iii. 726.
1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.
1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.
1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.
1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm
very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate,
nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or
ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses
lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each
other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate
beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior
face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing
the remnant of the mucro.

P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often
associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps
and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at
higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently
in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the
Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.

On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into
three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant
apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo;
mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other
segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and
on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even
five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata
rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in