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PINUS

1755 Pinus Duhamel, Traite des Arbres, ii. 121.
1790 Apinus Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269.
1852 Cembra Opiz, Seznam, 27.
1854 Strobus Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94.
1903 Caryopitys Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.

Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary
leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the
place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots.
Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and
cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate
flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole
length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the
apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute
buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the
spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in
three parts--a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node
of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying
its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or
winged, edible and nutritious.

The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all
climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity
where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range,
but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species
are distributed as follows--

Eastern Hemisphere, 23.

1 exclusively African (Canary Islands).
2 exclusively European.
3 about the Mediterranean Basin.
2 common to Europe and northern Asia.
14 exclusively Asiatic.

Western Hemisphere, 43.

28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico
and Central America.
15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian.

The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch.
Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are
adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra
and Paracembra.

Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by
Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or
larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now
proposed.

The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae,
Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones