.

Adverbial Numbers.

ADVERBIAL NUMBERS are formed by adding *-e* to the Cardinals. Thus:
_unue_ (_1e_), firstly; _trie_ (_3e_), thirdly; _sepe_ (_7e_), etc.

The Preposition.

In English, one preposition often has many different meanings. In
Esperanto, on the contrary, every preposition, with the exception of the
word _je_, has one precise and fixed meaning.

The preposition *je* is the only one in Esperanto without a definite
meaning. It sometimes happens that one wishes to use a preposition of
some sort or other, but is uncertain just which preposition will
precisely express the idea. In such cases _je_ is used. Thus: He laughed
_at_ me, _li ridis je mi_; full _of_ water, _plena je akvo_; six metres
long, _longa je ses metroj_; fear _of_ him, _timo je li_, etc.

_Je_ should not be abused. Its too frequent use is a mark of the
beginner in the language.

Use of Accusative.

When there is no ambiguity to be feared, the preposition _je_, and even
other prepositions, are often omitted in Esperanto; and the word to
which the preposition, if expressed, would have referred is put into the
accusative. Thus, instead of saying _li ridas je mi_ (he is laughing at
me), one might say _li ridas min_; similarly, _du metrojn alta_ would
stand for _alta je du metroj_. _Gxi kostis je tri sxilingoj_ is more
usually expressed: _gxi kostis tri sxilingojn_. _Mi restis tie dum kvin
horoj_ (I stayed there for five hours) could be: _mi restis tie kvin
horojn_; and so on.

Certain prepositions, viz., _antaux_, before, _cxe_, at, _en_, in,
_sub_, under, _sur_, on, _kontraux_, against, _super_, over, and
_trans_, across, are often used to denote _movement towards_, whereas of
themselves they only express _rest at_. In order to make it quite clear
whether motion or rest is intended, use is made of the accusative. Thus:
_li promenis en la urbo_, he took a walk _in_ the city; but _li promenis
en la urbon_, he took a walk _into_ the city. _Li kuris antaux mi_, he
ran (along) before or in front of me; but _li pasxis antaux min_, he
stepped in front of me; and so on.

ADVERBS are sometimes used with prepositional force. Thus: _proksime de
la domo_, near the house; _dekstre de la arbo_, on the right of the
tree, etc.

The Conjunction.

A full list of CONJUNCTIONS will be found on section 37. The following
constructions should be noted:

Tenses after _Ke_ (that).

_Mi vidis, ke sxi ploras_, I saw (that) she was crying.