Plural of Nouns=.

Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in
_E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.

All others add =Es=.

EXCEPTIONS--

1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=.
2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is
stressed.

EXAMPLES--

El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law.
La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations.
El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils.
El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.

3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as--

El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.

4. The following add only =S= to form the plural--

Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]

[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule
for those ending in _a, o, u_ is not very strict.]

=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as--

Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._,
Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles
(literally, "iron railroads").

Such nouns are rare.[24]

[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El
portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the
standard-bearers).]

=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).

[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb,
as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]

_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo.
_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido.

_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._

He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habeis Teneis
Han Tienen

_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._

Habia (I had),