e prolata." "Opera," Rolls, vol. v. p. 410.

[291] Map, however, never claimed the authorship of this work. The
probability of his being the author rests mainly on the allusion
discovered by Ward in the works of Hue de Rotelande, a compatriot and
contemporary of Map, who seems to point him out as having written the
"Lancelot." "Catalogue of Romances," 1883, vol. i. pp. 734 ff.

[292] Alexander, of Hales, Gloucestershire, lectured at Paris, d. 1245;
wrote a "Summa" at the request of Innocent II.: "Alexandri Alensis
Angli, Doctoris irrefragabilis ... universae theologiae Summa," Cologne,
1622, 4 vols. fol. He deals in many of his "Quaestiones" with subjects,
usual then in theological books, but which seem to the modern reader
very strange indeed. A large number of sermons and pious treatises were
also written in Latin during this period, by Aelred of Rievaulx for
example, and by others: "Beati Ailredi Rievallis abbatis Sermones" (and
other works) in Migne's "Patrologia," vols. xxxii. and cxcv.

[293] Studied at Oxford, then at Paris, where he taught with great
success, d. at Cologne in 1308. "Opera Omnia," ed. Luc Wadding, 1639, 12
vols. fol. See, on him, "Histoire Litteraire de la France," vol. xxiv.
p. 404.

[294] "Pantagruel," II., chap. 7.

[295] The works of Ockham (fourteenth century) have not been collected.
See his "Summa totius logicae," ed. Walker, 1675, 8vo, his "Compendium
errorum Johannis papae," Lyons, 1495, fol., &c.

[296] Born in Somersetshire, studied at Oxford and Paris, d. about 1294;
wrote "Opus majus," "Opus minus," "Opus tertium." See "Opus majus ad
Clementem papam," ed. Jebb, London, 1733, fol.; "Opera inedita," ed.
Brewer, Rolls, 1859. Many curious inventions are alluded to in this last
volume: diving bells, p. 533; gunpowder, p. 536; oarless and very swift
boats; carriages without horses running at an extraordinary speed: "Item
currus possunt fieri ut sine animali moveantur impetu inaestimabili," p.
533. On the causes of errors, that is authority, habit, &c., see "Opus
majus," I.

[297] Born at Chichester ab. 1290, taught at Oxford, became chaplain to
Edward III. and Archbishop of Canterbury. "De Causa Dei contra Pelagium
et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses, Libri III.," London, 1618,
fol.

[298] Conclusion of chap. i. Book I.: "Contra Aristotelem, astruentem
mundum non habuisse principium temporale et non fuisse creatum, nec
praesentem generationem hominum terminandam, neque mund