unclean milk and to the sanitary standards of farmer and
consumer. Nothing less than a national campaign can make the vivid
impression necessary to wean dairymen of uncleanly habits and mothers
of the ignorant superstition that babies die in summer just because
they are babies. When two national bureaus study, learn, and report,
newspapers will print their stories on the first page, magazines will
herald the conclusions, physicians will open their minds to new truths,
state health secretaries will carry on the propaganda, demagogues and
quacks will become less certain of their short-cut remedies, and
_everybody will be made to think_.

The evolution of this newly awakened national interest in clean milk
follows the seven stages and illustrates the seven health motives
presented in Chapter II. I give the story of Robert M. Hartley because
he began and prosecuted his pure-milk crusade in a way that can be
duplicated in any country town or small city.

Robert M. Hartley was a strong-bodied, strong-minded, country-bred man,
who started church work in New York City almost as soon as he arrived.
He distributed religious tracts among the alleys and hovels that
characterized lower New York in 1825. Meeting drunken men and women one
after another, he first wondered whether they were helped by tracts,
and then decided that the mind befogged with alcohol was unfit to
receive the gospel message. Then for fifteen years he threw himself
into a total-abstinence crusade, distributing thousands of pamphlets,
calling in one year at over four thousand homes to teach the industrial
and moral reasons for total abstinence. Finally, he began to wonder
whether back of alcoholism there was not still a dark closet that must
be explored before men could receive the message of religion and
self-control. So in 1843 he organized the New York Association for
Improving the Condition of the Poor, which ever since has remembered
how Hartley found alcoholism back of irreligion, and how back of
alcoholism and poverty and ignorant indifference he found indecent
housing, unsanitary streets, unwholesome working conditions, and impure
food.

[Illustration: FIGHTING INFANT MORTALITY BY A SCHOOL FOR MOTHERS
IN THE HEART OF NEW YORK CITY,--JUNIOR SEA BREEZE]

[Illustration: PROVIDING AGAINST GERM GROWTH AND ADAPTING MILK
TO THE INDIVIDUAL BABY'S NEED,--ROCHESTER'S MODEL DAIRY]

Hartley's instinct started the first great pure-milk agitation