f health and
education, and fifty private agencies for the care of sick babies and
the instruction of mothers. The superintendent of schools instructed
teachers to begin the campaign by talks to children and by giving out
illustrated cards. Similar instructions were sent to parochial schools
by the archbishop.

[Illustration: NIGHT INSPECTION OF COUNTRY MILK UPON ARRIVAL IN
NEW YORK CITY]

As elsewhere, there are two schools of pure-milk crusaders: (1) those
who want cities to _do things_, to pasteurize all milk, start milk
farms, milk shops, or pure-milk dispensaries; and (2) those who want
cities and states to _get things done_. So far the New York Milk
Committee has led the second school and has opposed efforts to
municipalize the milk business. The leader of the other school is the
noted philanthropist, Nathan Strauss, who has established
pasteurization plants in several American and European cities. The
discussion of the two schools, similar in aim but different in method,
is made more difficult, because to question philanthropy's method
always seems to philanthropy itself and to most bystanders an
ungracious, ungrateful act. As the issue, however, is clean milk, not
personal motive, it is important that educators and parents in all
communities benefit from the effective propaganda of both schools,
using what is agreed upon as the basis for local pure-milk crusades,
reserving that which is controversial for final settlement by research
over large fields that involve hundreds of thousands of tests.

[Illustration: A NEW YORK MILK COMMITTEE'S INFANT DEPOT AND
SCHOOL FOR MOTHERS]

Pasteurization, municipal dairies, municipal milk shops, municipal
infant-milk depots, are the four chief remedies of the _doing things_
school. European experience is cited in support of each. We are told
that cow's milk, intended by nature for an infant cow with four
stomachs, is not suited, even when absolutely pure, to the human
infant's single stomach. Cow's milk should be modified, weakened,
diluted, to fit the digestive powers of the individual infant; hence
the municipal depot or milk dispensary that provides exactly the right
milk for each baby, prescribed by municipal physicians and nurses who
know. That the well-to-do and the just-past-infancy may have milk as
safe as babies receive at the depot, municipalization of farm and milk
shop is advocated. Some want the city to run only enough farms and milk
shops to