nce possesses an entirely different "modality" from
the declarative one and implies a markedly different attitude of the
speaker towards his companion. An even more striking change in personal
relations is effected if we interchange _the farmer_ and _the duckling_.
_The duckling kills the farmer_ involves precisely the same subjects of
discourse and the same type of activity as our first sentence, but the
roles of these subjects of discourse are now reversed. The duckling has
turned, like the proverbial worm, or, to put it in grammatical
terminology, what was "subject" is now "object," what was object is now
subject.

The following tabular statement analyzes the sentence from the point of
view of the concepts expressed in it and of the grammatical processes
employed for their expression.

I. CONCRETE CONCEPTS:
1. First subject of discourse: _farmer_
2. Second subject of discourse: _duckling_
3. Activity: _kill_
---- analyzable into:
A. RADICAL CONCEPTS:
1. Verb: _(to) farm_
2. Noun: _duck_
3. Verb: _kill_
B. DERIVATIONAL CONCEPTS:
1. Agentive: expressed by suffix _-er_
2. Diminutive: expressed by suffix _-ling_
II. RELATIONAL CONCEPTS:
Reference:
1. Definiteness of reference to first subject of discourse:
expressed by first _the_, which has preposed position
2. Definiteness of reference to second subject of discourse:
expressed by second _the_, which has preposed position
Modality:
3. Declarative: expressed by sequence of "subject" plus verb; and
implied by suffixed _-s_
Personal relations:
4. Subjectivity of _farmer_: expressed by position of _farmer_
before kills; and by suffixed _-s_
5. Objectivity of _duckling_: expressed by position of _duckling_
after _kills_
Number:
6. Singularity of first subject of discourse: expressed by lack of
plural suffix in _farmer_; and by suffix _-s_ in following verb
7. Singularity of second subject of discourse: expressed by lack
of plural suffix in _duckling_
Time:
8. Present: expressed by lack of preterit suffix in verb; and by
suffixed _-s_

In this short sentence of five words there are expressed, therefore,
thirteen distinct concepts, of which three are radical and concrete, two
derivational, and eight relational. Perhaps the most striking result of
the analy