cent years:

Prussia:

Marks 142,000 ($33,796) in 1874;
Marks 475,000 ($114,050) in 1885;
Marks 4,672,000 ($1,111,936) in 1899.

Saxony:

Marks 235,000 ($60,214) in 1873;
Marks 570,000 ($135,660) in 1885;
Marks 1,138,000 ($270,844) in 1898.

Wurttemburg industrial continuation school:

Marks, 58,000 ($13,804) in 1869;
Marks 129,000 ($30,702) in 1879;
Marks 164,000 ($39,032) in 1889;
Marks 208,000 ($49,504) in 1897.

The cost of the state per capita of the population of the expenditures
was as follows:

Prussia, Pfennigs 15 (3 1/2 cts.) in 1899;
Saxony, Pfennigs 29 (7 cts.) in 1898;
Hesse, Pfennigs 22 (5 cts.) in 1898.

The cost per Marks 1,000 ($236) of the entire state expenditures was
Marks 2.27 (54 cts.) in Prussia in 1899, and Marks 5.88 ($1.40) in
Saxony in 1898.

In general the German schools are classified upon a basis of the grade
of instruction given rather than upon the character of the subjects
taught. Primary education is compulsory, that is to say, all children
are compelled by law to attend school from their sixth to their
fourteenth year. It is at this point that we find our difficulty. To
quote Dr. Alwin Pabst of Leipzig (who speaks of conditions governing
technical schools):

"The age of admission, length of course, fees and other conditions
(examinations) of these schools differ widely. Ages range from fourteen
to thirty years or over; length of course, one to four or five years;
fees perhaps twenty to thirty marks per year. The Fortbildungsschule is
the only institution in which no fee is charged." (Taken from a personal
letter.)

Several classifications commend themselves for use. Each has its
weaknesses and breaks down at some point, owing to the conditions
previously mentioned. In order the better to illustrate this difficulty
I shall give these various possible classifications.

The first refers chiefly to the scheme of secondary education and was
the one first chosen and later discarded. It was suggested mainly by Sir
Philip Magnus's work on "Industrial Education" and the "Report of the
Industrial Commission", Vol. 1.

1. Industrieschulen
Gewerbeschulen

2. Trade Schools
Fachschulen

3. Building Trade Schools

4. Secondary Technical Schools
Higher Technical
Foremen
Building
Weaving
Drawing

5. Industrial Art Schools (Kunstgewerbe)
Pure Art
Applied Art

6. Polytechnics