rial arbitration."

The shops offer about the same lines of work as do the private concerns,
aiming however to be more systematic and to cover a wider scope. It is
asserted by some that the instruction gained in the shop is superficial,
and not to be compared with that obtained from the traveling
master-workmen. When the shop is connected with some enterprise or
manufacturing interest, a master-workman has one apprentice only under
his charge, for which he receives from the state some thirty-five
dollars yearly, the boy being given board, lodging and proper training.
The master must have attained the age of twenty-four years, and must
fulfil certain technical qualifications. The instruction is practical in
the highest degree and thus follows the lead of the trade schools in
letter and spirit. The fees are mainly paid in by guild members, and
those not members even, provided such reside in the district and are
connected with the trade for which the school stands. Local and state
aid is furnished. While the period of apprenticeship may extend over
four years, three years is the usual term.

IV

ART TRADE SCHOOLS

The various types of institutions taken up under this head are of an
intermediate grade, standing half way between the trade school on the
one hand and the higher technical institutions upon the other. Indeed,
they contain many elements in common with the lower group, their scope
however being broader and more general or indirect, theoretical work
finding a place in their curricula. Owing to a similarity in the
instruction given, several classes of schools seem to demand a hearing
under this section. We shall begin with the more general trade schools
omitted from our previous study.

SCHOOLS FOR THE BUILDING TRADES

(Baugewerkschulen)

The schools for the building trades, of which there are a half hundred
in the Empire, are very similar in character throughout. The Munich
school, established in 1823, was the first of its kind. Their aim, as
indicated in the title, is the giving of training in the trades
connected with the various building operations. The majority of these
schools offer a course two years in length. The age of admission is
fourteen to sixteen years. It is a requisite under some boards, that
applicants have had practical experience in the line to be followed, at
least two hal