sed facilities in equipment and
instruction. Many Americans are studying in these schools, possibly more
in Munich than elsewhere. While thorough in their treatment of subjects,
the practical side of the work is too much lost sight of in the
theoretical treatment. Testing and applied work are certainly given
considerable attention however. To quote Dean Victor C. Alderson of the
Armour Institute, Chicago, who says in reference to testing:

"Professors regard this work as professional practice, just as
doctors, who are professors in medical schools, have an outside
practice. The technical school allows the professors free use of
the laboratories, but assumes no responsibility for the accuracy
of the results or opinions expressed."

The degree of Doctor of Engineering is conferred by these institutions,
and that their work has been highly instrumental in developing the
country cannot be doubted, especially in the line of applied chemistry
in which branch of engineering Germany leads the nations. How closely
the development of the industries of Germany are related to the work of
the Technische Hochschulen it is difficult to say, but that these
schools have shown through the accomplishments of their graduates that
high standards of moral and intellectual training can be had in other
than the traditional universities, and that as efficient social service
can be rendered through the application of science to the arts and
industries as by means of the languages, cannot be doubted.

VI

SCHOOLS OF INDUSTRIAL ART OR ART TRADE SCHOOLS

The Kunstgewerbeschulen are schools of art. The causes leading to their
inception are clearly set forth in a paragraph contained in the 1902
Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor. It reads:

"The international museums of 1851, 1855 and 1862, in England, Austria
and Germany, respectively called attention to the fact that with all
their technical excellence the industrial products of Germany possessed
few qualities of artistic finish and design. France showed what could be
done in this direction. Her products easily held first rank in this
respect, her eminence being the result of centuries of training in this
field. Since Colbert's time industrial art education has been emphasized
in the training of French workmen, and the accumulated skill and taste
due to this training, has left its impress on French product