varied than that furnished by the three R's.
Apprentices not equipped with sufficient school training were forced to
attend the schools. In 1869 the power was wrested from the trade guilds
and the elective system resulted, later producing the Elementary
Continuation School. The local city government founded at a later date
three such schools, and in these a more diversified curriculum was
operated, adding to the three R's, German composition and literature,
modern languages, natural science, political science, law, bookkeeping
and drawing. For various reasons these schools were not attended by a
full measure of success and the city authorities formulated the plan of
placing the continuation schools in some of the higher institutions of
learning, courses to be operative in winter only. Later, from the
preparatory school, which fitted for the continuation school proper,
grew up the technical continuation school.

There are at the present twelve schools of the continuation type in
Berlin. A large attendance is desired, for with large classes groups of
various intellectual standards may be formed. The student is free to
elect subjects--as between certain languages, mathematics or art
studies. The Director of the school, by keeping in touch with the
employers in the various trades and shops, can thus control the
attendance and shape the course of the lines of work offered.

Some ten years since, two special lines of instruction were withdrawn
from the continuation school proper--the carpenters' school and the
Gewerbesaal, comprising work in drawing and theory involved in machine
construction and the like. Courses for turners are offered in the
carpenters' schools. In Berlin there are in excess of nine centers for
the last named school and ten centers for the Gewerbesaal, the winter
classes running up to 2000 and 850 pupils respectively.

This example serves to illustrate the fact mentioned in a previous
connection, viz., that the Fortbildungsschule was in some cases merged
into a special school, for here in reality a Fach or trade institution
has developed from the original continuation school. This practice has
been going on more or less extensively among the various schools; and in
Berlin especially, the continuation school has been the foundation of
most of the Fachschulen. Something more will be said in this connection
in the section under trade schools.

Regarding the continuation schools for girls and women a word m